The Lawrence Jacobsen Library
Books Received (Primate-Science/PrimateLit)

COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE NEUROANATOMY: EVOLUTION AND ANATOMY, 2nd Edition

By: Ann B. Butler and William Hoods
Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc.

FROM THE PUBLISHER
The Second Edition of this landmark text presents a broad survey of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy at the introductory level, representing a unique contribution to the field of evolutionary neurobiology. It has been extensively revised and updated, with substantially improved figures and diagrams that are used generously throughout the text. Through analysis of the variation in brain structure and function between major groups of vertebrates, readers can gain insight into the evolutionary history of the nervous system. The text is divided into three sections:
1) Introduction to evolution and variation, including a survey of cell structure, embryological development, and anatomical organization of the central nervous system; phylogeny and diversity of brain structures; and an overview of various theories of brain evolution, 2) Systematic, comprehensive survey of comparative neuroanatomy across all major groups of vertebrates, 3) Overview of vertebrate brain evolution, which integrates the complete text, highlights diversity and common themes, broadens perspective by a comparison with brain structure and evolution of invertebrate brains, and considers recent data and theories of the evolutionary origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates, including a recently proposed model of the origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates that has received strong support from newly discovered fossil evidence

Ample material drawn from the latest research has been integrated into the text and highlighted in special feature boxes, including recent views on homology, cranial nerve organization and evolution, the relatively large and elaborate brains of birds in correlation with their complex cognitive abilities, and the current debate on forebrain evolution across reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy is geared to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in neuroanatomy, but anyone interested in the anatomy of the nervous system and how it corresponds to the way that animals function in the world will find this text fascinating.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ann B. Butler, Professor
Kranow Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Psychology
George Mason University
Fairfax, Virginia

William Hodos, Distinguished University Professor
Department of Psychology
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland





CONTENTS



Preface             xv



Acknowledgments xix



List of Boxes    xxi







Part One



EVOLUTION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM



1 Evolution and Variation, 3



Introduction, 3



Diversity Over Time, 4



Evolutionary Mechanisms, 5



Genetic Factors, 5



Natural Selection, 5



Evolution of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System, 7



Sameness and Its Biological Significance, 8



           Analogy, 8



Historical Homology, 8



Homoplasy, 9



Biological Homology, 11



Generative Homology or Syngeny, 12



Analysis of Variation, 13



Cladistic Analysis, 13



Parsimony, 14



Tests of Homology, 15



A Word of Caution, 15



Reconstructing Evolution, 16







2 Neurons and Sensory Receptors



Introduction, 19



The Nervous System, 19



Neurons and Sensory Receptors, 20



Transport Within Neurons, 21



Classification of Neurons, 21



Somata, 21



Dendrites, 21



Axons, 23



Synapses, 23



Chemical Synapses, 23



Neuroactive Substances, 24



Electrical Synapses, 26



Volume Transmission, 26



Neuronal Populations, 26



Golgi Type I and II Cells, 26



Nuclei and Planes of Section, 27



Techniques forTracing Connections Between Nuclei, 27



Receptors and Senses, 28



How Many Senses? 29



Receptors and Awareness, 29



Sensory Experience as a Private Mental Event, 30



Sensory Adaptation, 30



Receptor Types, 30



Mechanoreceptors, 3 I



Radiant-Energy Receptors, 34



Chemoreceptors, 37



Nervus Terminalis: An Unclassified Receptor, 41



Electroreceptors, 41



Nociceptors, 42



Magnetoreceptors, 43



Topographic Organization, 43



Receptive Fields, 46



The Senses and Evolution of the Central Nervous System, 46







3 The Vertebrate Central Nervous System, 49



Introduction, 49



Development of the Brain, 49



Segmental Development of the Vertebrate Brain, 50



Neurogenesis and Migration of Neurons, 54



           Cortices and Nuclei, 55



Differing Patterns of Development, 57



           Ontogeny and Recapitulation, 60



The Brain and Spinal Cord, 61



Cellular Organization of the Central Nervous System, 61



Regional Organization of the Nervous System, 63



           The Spinal Cord, 63



The Brain, 63



The Meninges and the Ventricular System, 66



Major Systems of the Brain, 67



Sensory Systems, 68



Motor Systems, 68



Nomenclature of the Brain, 69







4 Vertebrate Phylogeny and Diversity in Brain Organization, 73



Introduction, 73



Vertebrate Phylogeny, 74



Chordate Relationships, 74



lawless Vertebrates, 74



Chrondrichthyes, 76



Actinopterygii, 76



Sarcopterygii, 76



The Big Picture of Vertebrate Evolution, 84



Two Types of Brain Organization, 84



Laminar Brains (Group 1), 86



Elaborated Brains (Group 11), 87



Glia and Brain Elaboration, 89



Laminar and Elaborated Brains across Evolution, 89







5 Evolution and Adaptation of the Brain, Behavior, and Intelligence, 93



Phylogeny and Adaptation, 93



Phyletic Studies, 93



Adaptation Studies, 94



Phylogenetic Scale, 95



The Phylogenetic Tree, 95



Complexity and Evolution, 96



Anagenesis, 97



Grades of Evolutionary Advancement, 99



Evolutionary Change, 99



Brain Evolution and Behavioral Adaptation, 100



           Brain Size and Brain Allometry, 100



Brain Size and Behavioral Adaptation, 105



Brain Size and Intelligence, 106



What Is Intelligence? 108



Summary and Conclusions, 109







6 Theories of Brain Evolution



Introduction, 113



Some Common Assumptions, 113



Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution: Addition of Structures or 
Areas, 114



Maclean, 114



Flechsig and Campbell, 114



Sanides, 115



Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Organization: New Formation and 
Reorganization of Circuits, 115



Herrick, 115



Bishop, 115



Ariens Kappers, 115



Bowsher, 115



Diamond and Hall, 116



Critique of Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution, 116



Parcellation Theory, 117



Ebbesson, 117



Deacon, 117



Current Theories of Forebrain Evolution, 117



Forebrain Evolution: Experimental Foundations, 117



Karten: Equivalent Cell Hypothesis, 118



Other Theories of Pallial Evolution, 119



Perspective, 121







Part Two



THE SPINAL CORD AND HINDBRAIN



7 Overview of Spinal Cord and Hindbrain, 127



Overview of the Spinal Cord, 127



Segmentation Within the Spinal Cord, 127 Roots and Ganglia, 128



Columns of the Spinal Cord, 129



Pathways Within the Spinal Cord, 130 Reflexes, 131



Spinal Autonomy, 133



Rhythmic Movements and Central Pattern Generators, 133



Overview of the Hindbrain, 133



The Obex and the Fourth Ventricle, 135



The Pontine Nuclei, 135



Ganglia of the Cranial Nerves, 135



           Organization of the Cranial Nerves, 135



           Embryology of the Hindbrain and a New Classification of Cranial 
Nerves, 135



Efferent Axons in Afferent Nerves, 136



Evolutionary Perspectives on the Spinal Cord and Hindbrain, 136



The Transition to Land, 136



Tetrapod Locomotor Patterns, 137







8 The Spinal Cord, 139



The Spinal Cords of Nontetrapods, 139



Muscles and Locomotion, 139



Cell and Fiber Columns, 139



Giant Axons and Escape, 141



Electromotor Neurons, 144



The Curious Spinal Cords of Sharks, 144



Ascending and Descending Pathways, 144



Reissner's Fiber, 145



The Organization of the Tetrapod Spinal Cord, 145



Locomotor Patterns and Spinal Cord Organization, 145



The Curious Spinal Cords of Birds, 146



Segmental Organization, 147



Lamination, 147



Intrinsic Spinal Neurons, 148



Somatotopic Organization of the Ventral Horns, 148



Renshaw Cells, 149



Axon Columns and Cell Columns, 149



Marginal Cells, 150



Accessory Lobes, 150



Ascending Spinal Pathways, 150



Descending Spinal Pathways, 150



Tetrapod Central Pattern Generators, 152



Evolutionary Perspective, 152







9 Segmental Organization of the Head, Brain, and Cranial Nerves, 157



"Twelve" Cranial Nerves, 157



The Vertebrate Head: Segmental Organization, 158



           Head Skeleton, 159



The Striated Musculature of the Head, 159



           Neural Crest and Placodes, 162



Segmentation of the Head, 164



Theoretical Head Segments, 165



Segmental Organization of the Individual Cranial Nerves, 166



The Forebrain, 168



The First Head Segment, 168



The Second Head Segment, 169



The Third Head Segment, 169



The Fourth Head Segment, 169



The Fifth Head Segment, 170







10 Functional Organization of the Cranial Nerves, 173



Introduction, 173



The Cranial Nerves and the Spinal Cord, 173



The Organization of Sensory and Motor Columns of the Caudal Brainstem, 176



Afferent Columns of the Brainstem, 177



Efferent Columns of the Brainstem, 179



Five Cranial Nerves Rostral to the Brainstem, 180



General Considerations, 181







11 Sensory Cranial Nerves of the Brainstem, 183



Introduction, 183



Dorsal Cranial Nerves: Sensory Components for General Somatosensory 
Sensation, 183



Somatosensory Innervation of the Head, 184



Central Terminations of the Trigeminal Nerve, 185



The Mesencephalic Division of the Trigeminal System, 185



Secondary Connections of the Trigeminal Nuclei, 186



Ventrolateral Placodal Cranial Nerves: Taste, 189



The Gustatory System, 190



The Gustatory Nerves and the Nucleus Solitarius, 190



           Secondary Connections of the Gustatory Nucleus and Nucleus 
Solitarius, 190



Cyprinid and Silurid Gustatory Specializations, 192



Dorsolateral Cranial Nerves: Lateral Line and Octaval Systems, 194



The Lateral Line System, 195



The Octaval System, 196







12 Motor Cranial Nerves, 205



Introduction, 205



Feeding and Swallowing, 207



The Neural Control of Feeding and Swallowing, 209



           The Communication Systems of Fishes, 211



The Acoustic Reflex, 213



Motor Control of Eye Muscles, 214



The Extraocular Muscles in lawless Vertebrates, 214



           The Extraocular Muscles in ]awled Vertebrates, 214 The 
Intraocular Muscles, 215



Central Control of the Eye Muscles, 215



The Oculomotor Complex, 217



Coordination of Eye Muscle Action, 218



Evolutionary Perspective on the Hindbrain and Midbrain Cranial Nerves, 218







13 The Reticular Formation, 221



Introduction, 221



The Organization of the Reticular Formation, 222



           Neurons of the Reticular Formation, 222



Giant Reticulospinal Neurons, 223



Nomenclature of the Reticular Formation, 224



The Reticular Formation of the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain, 225



The Reticular Formation of the Diencephalon, 228



Pathways of the Reticular Formation, 230



Chemical Pathways of the Reticular Formation, 232



The Reticular Formation and Sleep, 234



Evolutionary Perspective on the Reticular Formation, 236







14 The Cerebellum, 241



Introduction, 241



Overview of the Cerebellum, 241



Cerebellar Size, 242



The Various Forms of the Cerebellum, 243



Corpus Cerebelli, 243



Electroreception and the Cerebellum, 244



The Cerebellar Auricle, 245



Phyletic Development of the Form of the Cerebellum, 245



The Cerebella of Tetrapods, 246



The Cerebella of Nontetrapods, 246



Agnathans and Cartilaginous Fishes, 246



Ray-Finned Fishes, 246



The Cerebellar Cortex, 247



The Purkinje Cell Layer, 247



The Granule Cell Layer, 249



The Molecular Layer, 253



Afferent Inputs to the Cerebellar Cortex, 253



           Interconnections Within the Cerebellar Cortex, 255



           The Precerebellar Nuclei, 256



Cerebelloid Structures Associated With the Cerebellum in



Nontretapods, 257



The Exceptional Cerebella of Weakly Electric Fishes, 259



Cerebellar Efferents and the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei, 260



Evolutionary Perspective, 262



Functions of the Cerebellum, 262







Part Three



THE MIDBRAIN







15 Overview of the Midbrain, 267



Introduction, 267



The Isthmus, 268



The Tegmentum, 273



The Tectum, 273







16 Isthmus, 275



Introduction, 275



Nuclei of the Raphe, 275



Group I, 275



Group II, 275



Evolutionary Perspective, 277



Locus Coeruleus, 277



Group I, 277



Group II, 277



Evolutionary Perspective, 278



Nucleus Isthmi, 281



Group I, 281



Group II, 281



Evolutionary Perspective, 283



Isthmo-Optic Nucleus, 283



Group I, 283



Group II, 283



Evolutionary Perspective, 284



Midbrain Locomotor Region and Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus, 284



Group I, 284



Group II, 284



Evolutionary Perspective, 285



\Interpeduncular Nucleus, 285



Group I, 285



Group II, 285



Evolutionary Perspective, 285







17 Tegmentum and Tori, 289



Introduction, 289



Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve, 289



Group I, 289



Group II, 290



Evolutionary Perspective, 290



Red Nucleus and Related Nuclei, 290



Group I, 290



Group II, 290



Evolutionary Perspective, 292



Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area, 292



Group I, 293



Group II, 294



Evolutionary Perspective, 303



Torus Lateralis, 304



Group I, 304



Group II, 304



Evolutionary Perspective, 304



Torus Semicircularis, 304



Group I, 304



Group II, 305



Evolutionary Perspective, 306







18 Optic Tectum, 311



Introduction, 311



Overview of Tectal Organization, 311



Overview ofTectal Connections, 312



The Optic Tectum in Group I Vertebrates, 315



Lampreys, 315



Squalomorph Sharks and Ratfishes, 316



           Nonteleost Ray-Finned Fishes, 316



           Amphibians, 319



The Optic Tectum in Group II Vertebrates, 321



           Hagfishes, 321



Galeomorph Sharks, Skates, and Rays, 322



Teleosts, 322



Amniotes, 325



Evolutionary Perspective, 334







Part Four



THE FOREBRAIN: DIENCEPHALON







19 Overview of the Forebrain, 343



Introduction, 343



Nomenclature of the Forebrain in Amniotes, 344



The Diencephalon, 344



Pretectum, 344



Posterior Tuberculum, 344



Epithalamus, 345



Dorsal Thalamus, 346



Ventral Thalamus, 347



Hypothalamus and Preoptic Area, 352



The Telencephalon: Pallium, 352



The Telencephalic Pallium of Mammals, 353



The Telencephalic Pallium of Nonmammalian Amniotes, 361



The Telencephalon: Subpallium, 364



The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Anamniotes, 364



           The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Mammals, 364



           The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Nonmammalian Vertebrates, 368



The Septum, 369







20 Pretectum, Accessory Optic System, and Migrated Posterior



Tuberculum, 373



Introduction, 373



Pretectum, 373



           Group I, 374



           Group II, 375



Accessory Optic System, 389



           Group I, 391



           Group II, 392



Evolutionary Perspective, 394



Migrated Posterior Tuberculum, 396



           Group I, 396



           Group II, 396



Evolutionary Perspective, 399







21 Epithalamus, 407



Introduction, 407



Epiphysis, 407



Habenula, 409



Evolutionary Perspective, 414







22 Dorsal Thalamus, 417



Introduction, 417



Collothalamic Auditory System, 418



           Group I, 418



           Group IIA, 418



           Group IIB, 420



Collothalamic Visual and Somatosensory Systems, 426



           Group I, 427



           Group IIA, 430



           Group IIB, 430



Lemnothalamus, 432



           Group I, 432



           Group IIA, 434



           Group IIB, 434



Evolutionary Perspective, 437



           Collothalamus,437



           Lemnothalamus,437



A New Definition of the Dorsal Thalamus in Vertebrates, 439







23 The Visceral Brain: The Hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous



System, 445



Introduction, 445



           The Hypothalamus, 445



           The Hypothalamus and the Endocrine System, 446



           Circumventricular Organs, 449



           Biological Rhythms, the Epiphysis, and the Hypothalamus, 449



           The Hypothalamus and the Limbic System, 450



           The Preoptic Area, 450



The Hypothalamus in Anamniotes, 451



           Jawless Fishes, 451



           Cartilaginous Fishes, 451



           Actinopterygians, 451



           Sarcopterygians, 455



The Hypothalamus in Amniotes, 455



           Connections of the Hypothalamus in Reptiles and Birds, 456



           Connections of the Hypothalamus in Mammals, 457



           Functions of the Hypothalamus, 460



The Autonomic Nervous System, 460



           Autonomic Neurochemistry, 462



           Amniotes, 462



           Anamniotes, 462



Evolutionary Perspective, 462







Part Five



THE FOREBRAIN: TELENCEPHALON







24 Basal Telencephalon, 471



Introduction, 471



The Striatopallidal Complexes, 472



           Group I, 472



           Group IIA, 476



           Group lIB, 477



The Striatal Amygdala, 487



Cholinergic Neuronal Populations of the Basal Telencephalon, 488



Evolutionary Perspective, 489



25 Nonlimbic Pallium, 495



Introduction, 495



The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group I Vertebrates, 496



The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group IIA Vertebrates, 498



           Neuroanatomical Organization, 498



           Behavioral Issues, 501



The Nonlimbic Pallium in Amniotes, 501



           Mammals: Neocortex, 501



           Mammals: Claustrum-Endopiriform Formation and Frontotemporal 
Amygdala, 504



           Reptiles and Birds, 504



           Ascending Sensory Pathways to the Pallium in Amniotes, 507



Pallial Evolution and Persistent Questions of Homologies, 510







26 Visual Forebrain in Amniotes, 523



Introduction, 523



Ipsilateral Retinal Pathways and Stereoscopic



Vision, 524



Visual Pathways to the Telencephalon in Mammals, 524



           Lemnothalamic Visual Forebrain, 524



           Collothalamic Visual Forebrain, 536



Pathways to the Visual Telencephalon in Reptiles and Birds, 537



           Lemnothalamic Visual Pathways, 538



           Collothalamic Visual Pathways, 540



Evolutionary Trends in the Visual System of



Amniotes, 540







27 Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain in Amniotes, 547



Introduction, 547



The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Mammals, 547



The Ventral Tier Nuclei of the Dorsal Thalamus, 548



           Somatosensory Lemnothalamus, 548



           Somatosensory Collothalamus, 548



           Motor Lemnothalamus, 548



           Afferents to Somatosensory Cortex, 549



           Efferents of Somatosensory Cortex, 549



           Pain Pathways, 549



           Somatotopic Organization, 552



           Motor Cortex, 557



           Multiple Motor Representations of the Body, 558



           The Cortical Eye Fields, 558



           Afferents and Efferents of the Motor Cortex, 558



The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Nonmammalian Amniotes, 559



           Somatosensory System, 559



           Motor System, 564



Evolutionary Perspective, 566







28 Auditory and Vocal Forebrain in Amniotes, 571



Introduction, 571



           Location of Sound Sources, 571



           Echolocation, 572



           Auditory Channels for Time and Intensity, 573



Design Features of the Auditory System, 574



           Topographic Organization, 574



           Bilateral Interaction in the Auditory Pathway, 574



           Descending Auditory Pathways, 574



Auditory Pathways in Tetrapods, 574



Auditory Telencephalon, 577



           Columnar Organization, 577



           Mammals, 577



           Reptiles and Birds, 579



Vocal Telencephalon, 580



           Vocalization and Hearing, 581



           Anurans, 582



           Reptiles and Birds, 583



           Mammals, 587



Evolutionary Perspective, 589







29 Terminal Nerve and Olfactory Forebrain, 593



Introduction, 593



Olfactory System, 593



           Group I, 594



           Group II, 595



Vomeronasal System, 601



Terminal Nerve, 605



Evolutionary Perspective, 606







30 Limbic Telencephalon, 611



Introduction, 611



The Limbic Pallium in Anamniotes, 612



           Group I, 612



           Group IIA, 6 I3



The Limbic Pallium in Amniotes (Group lIB), 617



           Limbic Pallium of Mammals, 619



           Limbic Pallium in Nonmammalian Amniotes, 623



Limbic Subpallium: Septum, 628



Evolutionary Perspective, 629







Part Six



CONCLUSION



31 Evolution of Brains: A Bilaterian View, 637



Introduction, 637



Invertebrate Brains and the Inversion Hypothesis, 638



           Insect Brain Organization, 639



           Urbilateria and the Ancestral Condition of Bilaterian



           Brains, 641



           Deuterostomes and Dorsoventral Inversion, 641



Brain Evolution within Chordates, 644



The Origin of Vertebrates, 649



           Haikouella, 650



           Sensory System Evolution in the Vertebrate Lineage, 652



           Organization of the Vertebrate Brain, 653



The Advent of Jaws, 655



Onto the Land and Into the Air, 656



Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution, 657



How Vertebrate Brains Evolve, 657



Appendix: Terms Used in Neuroanatomy, 665



Introduction, 665



Direction and Location Terms, 665



Planes of Section, 666



Neuroanatomical Names, 668



Derivation of Terms, 668



Glossary, 671



Index, 679



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Posted Date: 10/26/05